Constitution Day in Poland

The 1791 Constitution and its legacy

On May 3, 1791, the Four-Year Sejm adopted the Government Act, later known as the Constitution of May 3. Poland’s Ministry of Culture describes it as the first modern constitution in Europe and the second in the world, after the American constitution. It established a constitutional monarchy, set out the organization of state authorities, and described citizens’ rights and duties.[1]

The anniversary became a national holiday in 1919. Celebrations were later suppressed, and the holiday was restored by law in 1990. The constitution also became a symbol of Polish sovereignty and political heritage during the years when the country lacked statehood.[1][3]

A day off under Polish law

The 1990 law restoring the National Holiday of the Third of May states that May 3 is a day off work. That is the holiday’s official Polish name; it is also commonly called Constitution Day.[2]

The date is fixed on May 3 each year. If it falls on a Sunday, workers do not receive a replacement day off solely because of that holiday: the labor ministry says Sunday rules apply, and a Sunday holiday does not reduce working time in the same way as a holiday on another weekday.[4][5]

How the day is observed

Official observances can include public ceremonies and patriotic symbolism. A government account of Warsaw’s commemorations describes a church service, an official ceremony at the Royal Castle, and a flag-raising accompanied by the national anthem. That account also notes that celebrations resumed after the political changes of 1990.[3]

What to expect as a visitor

Because May 3 is a statutory day off, ordinary work schedules are affected, though services can vary by employer and sector. Check opening hours directly before visiting a particular office or service.[2]

Trading in shops is generally prohibited on public holidays. The law lists exceptions, including fuel stations, pharmacies, shops at transport stations serving travelers, and shops where the owner personally conducts the trade. Small shops are not automatically exempt simply because they are small; the applicable exception depends on how the business operates.[6]